The four-year drought that has gripped California is adding to the pressure on oil and gas producers in the state to find ways to recycle the billions of gallons of wastewater produced from their wells.
The producers generate over 92 billion gallons of produced water, much of which is brackish and contaminated by traces of petrochemicals and chemicals used for hydraulic fracking. Most of the water is pumped back deep underground, into 50,000 disposal wells.